The Cost of Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals (哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull (倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.
Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
|
The Cost of Thinking |
|
|
Introduction |
•Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two of human beings. |
|
The of large human brains |
•The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. •The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. •The animal brain requires less when the body is at rest. •Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles. |
|
The of walking upright |
•Walking upright makes it easy to find food or against enemies. •Freed hands can serve some purpose and perform complex tasks. |
|
•Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and the size of brains. •Walking upright results in sufferings. |
|
|
Conclusion |
• With a large brain, human beings other beings in terms of intelligence. • Weak and marginal, human beings remained of meat-eating animals. |
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event. "If you build it they will come" is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhoods creates a ripple effect（连锁反应）throughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area's development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
Teco Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg's investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 million and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.
The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B. But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.
Arts as an economic driver | Our communities from arts in terms of economy. |
of arts' promoting our economy | Arts activity demands a(n) effort. It involves creation, performance, and . ★Artists make a living through their creative work. ★Others get paid by marketing the event. |
Arts have a gradually spreading . They could help promote other industries whether they lie inside or outside arts. ★Besides tickets, some jazz lovers will pay their to and from the events. ★Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience and renew their energy. | |
Investment in arts could produce potential economic results. ★TeCo used a $35,000 art investment to attract an overall support of $400,000. ★In Dallas, one dollar invested in arts could harvest and extraordinary return of nearly $300. ★In Philadelphia the arts have created about 35,000 job opportunities for workers arts industry. | |
Art students making a good living | With these in mind, art students need not worry about their career and have a(n) plan. |
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Of course, you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.
Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair. By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look and feel of the area.
Second, take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously. When going for a walk. Take along a small garbage bag. This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area.
If a neighbor is going to be out of town, offer to collect mail and newspapers. If a neighbor suffers an illness, offer to do the grocery shopping. Let them know you are there to help in any way this acceptable, while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
By following the basic rules of respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood in general, you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciates.
A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone. B.A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways. C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior. D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping. E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up. F. People tend to lake pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting. G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly |
When we were growing up in our grandparents' home, Jack, my grandfather, was always in his room sitting in the chair and listening to the radio. The voices speaking from the metal box day and night, taught us that there was a larger world outside. He would roll the black dial (刻度盘) back and forth until the signal was clear. Then he would listen.
Now he is old and falls ill. When I went to visit him, he said to me, "I dislike the Internet. The problem is that we're losing primary contact with each other. No more shaking hands. Everyone is so busy. We want too much and in the process of getting it we miss so much." He stopped for a while. "It makes me lonely and sad." Then he looked at me, "I just want to hear your voices."
I think of all the voices on the radio he has spent a lifetime listening to. I asked, "How did you become interested in radio?" "I don't know," he said. "It was another way to reach people. I was always interested in searching for a better signal, a clearer, more powerful signal that could communicate with someone somewhere."
"And I'll tell you another funny thing: you can electronically eliminate all kinds of noise from the signal, but you can't get rid of natural noise caused by thunder and lightning, rainstorms, or snowstorms."
He closed his eyes and smiled. "I was just thinking that in spite of all our technologies, maybe we haven't progressed that far as human beings. We shouldn't forget we still have the same basic needs."
Seven years ago, my wife told our 6-year-old daughter about our wedding weekend. My wife had moved back home to spend the weekend with her family.
As I was tucking our daughter in (把女儿的被子掖好) later that night, she asked if she could "come home like mommy did" when she got married one day. (Hopefully, one day far off into the future...) I told her our house would always be open to her. She gave me a big hug and a kiss on the cheek. She was extremely happy.
After a few seconds, I could see her mind churning (思绪翻腾)—the happiness dissipated. She pushed her finger into my belly and told me in low spirits, "Your belly is too big and you are too fat. I don't know if you are going to make it."
I was shocked. It was true that my health had fallen into a huge decline in the previous five years as I was building Contegix. I had not thought of it as destroying a future with my family. A 6-year-old girl saw what I missed.
I decided to run a mile the next morning. I couldn't make it 1/4 mile. I didn't give up and went out the next morning.
Seven years later, I have lost 60 pounds and regularly run ultra marathons. I attempted my first 100 miles last August, but I missed the terminal point at mile 87 after running on a torn hamstring (腿筋撕裂) for the previous 79 miles.
Yet, the most important distance I will ever go will be walking her down the aisle (结婚) one day. I would not make it if it hadn't been for the honesty and innocence of a 6-year-old.
Do you know the look of wonder and joy that children get on their face when they listen to someone reading them a story？Schools across the nation are bringing in volunteers to guide children in this very way. If you simply enjoy spending time with children, being a reading volunteer can be a great way to help support the upcoming generation of readers.
Reading volunteers work with elementary school age children to promote reading. They may read books to children, listen to children read aloud, or distribute books to school children. Reading volunteers promote the activity of reading, rather than focusing on teaching reading skills. They may read to a whole class of children, to a small group, or be assigned a child to read to one-on-one. During the time they spend with new readers, reading volunteers encourage them to learn to read.
Almost anyone who knows how to read can be a reading volunteer. High school students, college students, parents, grandparents, and police officers are just an example of the kinds of people who become reading volunteers. Being able to read and wanting to spend time inspiring children to read are the only skills needed to be a successful reading volunteer.
Several educational research studies show that children who are involved in programs with adult reading volunteers improve their school performance levels. For example, in 1998, researcher Sara Rimm-Kaufmann found that first graders involved in a program with an adult reading volunteer three times a week had better letter recognition and reading skills than similar first graders who hadn't been involved in such groups. In 2000, the Eugene Research Institute found that fifth graders who had been in "SMART", an adult volunteer literacy program, were 60% more likely to have grade-level scores in standardized reading tests. Moreover, a 2006 study by Brian Volkmann showed that children who were read to by adult volunteers had improved school attendance, which is a major predictor of high school graduation rates.
In addition, reading volunteers themselves can gain a lot of benefits that range from expanding their personal networks to adding valuable skills to their resumes. They also enjoy the special time they get to spend with young children. Many volunteers have heart-warming stories to share with the children they read to. The volunteers know that they are inspiring young children with a proved educational strategy. So, if you have time, energy, and skill to support children's literacy, it is a good idea to sign up to be a reading volunteer.
|
Topic: Reading Volunteers |
|
|
General information |
★Reading stories to children can bring them much pleasure. ★Employing reading volunteers for kids is a practice in schools nationwide. ★Being a reading volunteer is a good way to support children. |
|
The work of a reading volunteer |
★Read to children, listen to them read or give out books to them. ★Pay attention to the reading itself instead of teaching reading to children. ★Offer to them while new readers learn to read. |
|
for being a reading volunteer |
★Have the basic reading ability. ★Have the desire to inspire children to read. |
|
of reading volunteer programs |
★Improve the school children's skills at letters and reading. ★Enable children to standardized tests more easily. ★Inspire children to avoid classes. ★Develop and improve volunteers' with others. ★Admit volunteers to obtain valuable skills to increase chance of landing a . ★Give volunteers opportunities to enjoy the happy time with children. |
The North Star
Among the pile of stars in the universe, there are a couple that are of great importance to people on Earth. The sun, of course, is one of them. The other is known as Polaris, the North Star. Therefore, it is a great compass(指南针).When people in the northern part of Earth look toward Polaris, they can be certain that they are facing north. The permanence of Polaris in the north sky has helped countless people find their destinations.
Before the invention of modern navigation tools, sailors relied on Polaris. From the top of their ships, sailors would look for Polaris to figure out their place at sea. They figured out the angle between the star and the horizon to determine their latitude(纬度). As long as the equations were not wrong, the results were very reliable. Polaris also let sailors determine North, South, East, and West.
To those who sail at night, changeable storms and dark clouds were more than annoying things. It's possible for a captain to make an accidental wrong turn. The ship could become stranded at sea, and the frustrated captain would have no way to get the ship back on the right course. The sailor's fears wouldn't be relieved until the clouds cleared and Polaris came back into view. Even today, sailors sometimes choose to steer by using Polaris on clear nights.
The Big Dipper, a constellation that is well known in astrology, appears to revolve around Polaris. The handle of the Big Dipper always points to the North Star. When people get lost, it's comforting to know that their problems can be relieved by looking at the sky.
A. It's not difficult to tell the Polaris apart from the pile of other stars in the universe.
B. People who are lost can be relieved by gazing up at Polaris.
C. By knowing directions and their location, sailors could easily steer their ships.
D. They could destroy entire journeys by blocking the view of Polaris.
E. It's certain that the Polaris is part of a constellation(星座), which is not far from it.
F. It is special because it is the only star that always appears to be in the same place in the sky.
|
A. The animals, to some extent, become tools to us. B. Although violence against zoo animals is often reported, the issue of animal welfare has aroused little attention recently. C. By taking a selfie, you show that you're part of that experience. D. The comparison between caged animals and wild ones are appealing to people. E. Similar incidents are a regular occurrence in natural settings. F. The common factor is that some people are not respecting animal. |
Recently, in the quest for a selfie (自拍), a woman climbed over the concrete barrier of a Jaguar (美洲虎) enclosure at Wildlife World Zoo, Arizona. The jaguar ripped into her arm. Bystanders pulled her away before the animal could injure her further. She's fine-so is the jaguar.
This isn't the first time a story of a person acting rudely to get close to a wild animal made headlines. Last year, a man jumped into a lion enclosure at a zoo for a close-up photo. Multiple tourists in Yellowstone National Park have been attacked by bison (野牛) when they've gotten too close for a photo.
It's common sense not to get close to wild animals that can hurt you. It's why zoos have barriers -sometimes multiple walls-to keep people separated from animals. Signs posted everywhere state the obvious warning. Keep your hands off the cage.
"Yet animals have become less real to us," says an environmentalist. We see exotic animals most frequently in managed settings like zoos. People are trying to take advantage of their rarity to show off on social media and ignore their fierceness.
Media often normalize interaction with dangerous animals. Seeing a man like "Lion Whisperer" Kevin Richardson regularly play-fight with lions on TV, may send the message that these animals aren't so dangerous after all.
Social media are also perfectly positioned to contribute to the rise of animal selfies. Getting likes and comments provide instant satisfaction. Your self-esteem actually gets a temporary boost. To hold onto that feeling, people may go to more and more extremes to showcase the most exciting versions of themselves. It may not be enough to get a photo of a beautiful, dangerous animal from outside a cage.
People's careless approach can put the animal's safety at risk as well. Zoo animals often must be killed to protect the person who's entered their space. In fact, thrill-seekers actively endanger the lives of animals. with the zoo environment, they take it for granted that animals are there for people, ignoring the fact that animals and humans are both equal existents in the nature.
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
A total of 604 people injured in a chemical plant explosion on March 21 in Xiangshui, Jiangsu Province were still receiving medical care in nearby medical facilities, including 19 in critical condition and 98 seriously wounded. The fire quickly spread to 16 neighboring enterprises, with the latest death toll at 64.
At the same time, rescuers were busy inspecting chemical plants damaged in the explosion for possible poisonous substance leaks. Since the explosion, six rounds of search and rescue missions have been launched, and the search area has been expanded from 1.1 square kilometers to 2 sq km. More than 4,500 medical workers and 116 ambulances have so far participated in rescue work. The National Health Commission sent 16 leading experts to treat the injured. As of the noon of March 24, victims were being treated in 16 hospitals. Specialized treatment plans had been made for every patient. Psychologists have also been sent to help the recovery of the patients, their relatives and rescuers. Workers have been sent to comfort the families of the killed. The bodies will be treated according to ethnic and religious customs where applicable.
Sang Shulou, 36, discharged from the hospital after receiving treatment, with signs of obvious injury on his face, said that he was blessed to have survived the explosion that happened just 100 meters away from him. “I was driving a car passing the explosion site when the car was pushed away fiercely by the wave,” he said.
More than 1,600 homes near the explosion site have been repaired. Owners of homes beyond repair will receive compensation and assistance in moving to new homes.
The State Council, China's Cabinet, has set up a special investigation group to look into the explosion. The investigation would be thorough. It also severely criticized the local government and the company involved for their not learning lessons from previous environmental violations and failing to make effective corrections, Official records show that the concerned company had been punished several times before for taking advantage of safety loopholes and violating environmental protection regulations. Chenjiagang Chemical Park also experienced several similar safety accidents over the past few years.
|
Outline |
Information about a chemical plant explosion |
|
Introduction |
On March 21, a chemical plant in Xiangshui County, Jiangsu Province, and the fire spread around, causing a total of 64 , other than 19 workers in a critical health state and 98 in serious condition. |
|
Rescue work |
※ Potential poisonous stuff release was being inspected. ※ Search area has been expanded. ※ For the treatment of the injured, sixteen experts from The National Health Commission were for the treatment of the injured, with specialized treatment plans made. ※ Patients have also received recovery. ※ Comfort is provided for the families of the killed, whose bodies will be treated, religious customs. ※ Damaged houses have been mended. Those, whose houses are beyond repair, will be assisted and for a new home. |
|
A |
Sang Shulou, released from hospital, expressed he was in luck to weather the disaster, in which his car shook due to a fierce explosion wave. |
|
Investigation |
※ The accident will be investigated. ※ Local government and the involved company has received severe criticism for of previous violations lessons and (80) to mend their ways despite several punishments for not obeying environmental protection regulations. ※ Chenjiagang Chemical Park underwent considerable safety accidents alike. |
A fresh-faced batch of teenagers just began a new school year, but will they get the most out of it? In the mornings, many are forced to get to school much too early. And at night, screens are a temptation that's hard to resist. This double whammy (双重灾难) is a perfect lesson in sleep deprivation (剥夺).
Three out of every four students in grades 9 to 12 fail to sleep the minimum of eight hours that the American Academy of Medicine recommends for their age group. In most cases, insufficient sleep results in reduced attention, preventing students' progress and lowering grades. More alarmingly, sleep deprivation may lead to physical and emotional problems.
It is important to understand why teenagers have a particularly hard time getting enough sleep, and what adults need to do to help. First, a reminder of the basic biology: Adolescents are no longer the morning larks of their younger years. They become rewired as night owls, staying awake later and then sleeping in. This is mostly driven by changes in the way the brain responds to light.
New technology habits aren't helping. More teenagers now turn to activities involving screens at night. The growth in screen time is particularly problematic for sleep. The blue light emitted by LEDs, TVs, tablets and smartphones suppresses the body's secretion (分泌) of melatonin, the hormone that signals it's time to sleep. Overdosing on screens at night effectively tells the brain it's still daytime, delaying the body's cues to sleep even further.
Parents should inform their kids of the time that can be spent on screens, and praise children who show signs of regulating their own media consumption. In the hour before bedtime, there should be a suspension on bright lights in the home, avoiding devices and harsh LED bulbs in kitchens and bathrooms.
In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that middle and high schools start no earlier than 8: 30 a. m., a policy now backed by the American Medical Association and many other health organizations.
Parents also need to join forces with community leaders, sleep scientists, health professionals and educators to put school start times on the local, then state agendas.
Whenever schools have managed the transition to a later start time, students get more sleep, attendance goes up, grades improve and there is a significant reduction in car accidents.
|
Title |
Let Teenagers Sleep In |
|
Introduction |
The of students fail to have enough sleep. |
|
Consequences of insufficient sleep |
★Lacking sleep, students fail to on their study, progress prevented and grades lowered. ★Deprived of sleep, students are to suffer from physical and emotional problems. |
|
Reasons for lacking sleep |
★Biologically, adolescents tend to sleep late and get up , which can't meet the actual needs. ★Long to the blue light from screens prevents the body's secretion of the hormone sending sleeping signals. |
|
to the problem |
★Parents should set real on screen time, and praise children who can regulate their own media consumption. ★Before bedtime, parents should create a healthy environment from bright or too strong lights. ★Joint efforts should be made to the school start time until, say, 8: 30 a. m. |
|
Conclusion |
Changes on school start time will both students and society although there is a long way to go. |
What Does Teamwork Really Mean?
We often hear the word "teamwork". But are you a team player? Understanding the question can surely promote team spirit as well as individual development. In many job interviews, a common question is whether the interviewee is a "team player". More often than not, he or she will say "yes". But what does being a team player really mean?
On the most basic level, a team player is someone who can work within a group of people. This group is a number of people greater than one. Therefore it is an essential requirement of any employment that any potential employee is a team player.
On a deeper level, a team player is someone who can play a role in the team, to achieve and support the goals set and agreed upon by the team. The simplest analogy（类似）to the corporate team would be a sports team.
There are two main aims of the football team. One is to score goals and the other is to prevent the opposition team from scoring. In football, there are eleven players per side, and almost the same number of players in reserve. There are also other vital members of the team in the background, such as the coach, the doctor, etc.
Every member of the team has a very specific role - as a captain, goalkeeper. Every member of the team is vital to the success of the team. If one player does not perform to the best of his or her ability, the team is handicapped(阻碍，妨碍).
Similarly in the corporate world, each company has its clearly defined goals. Every member of the corporate team should have specific roles and responsibilities in view of achieving these goals.
Being a team player does not mean you should always agree with the rest of the team. There are times when your vision may differ from the vision of the company, the leader or the rest of the team. It may be a valid vision and if you believe in it strongly enough, you should share it with the rest of the team. If the leader is a competent one, he or she will assess it on its merits and not let ego(自我，自负) get in the way. However, if the team should not agree with your vision, don't take it personally.
They may find the idea inappropriate, not YOU personally. Don't take it as a sign of personal rejection. If your leader or team members see that you can handle rejection of your ideas in a mature manner, it is only to your own credit.
So, don't be afraid to offer new ideas even seemingly crazy ones. Everyone in the team should feel free to offer ideas and not worry about them being dismissed.
The pleasure of working in an environment where every member of the team is a team player is unparalleled. If you are not enjoying your working environment, chances are high that your team is also not working well. Ask yourself this:
Are your team objectives in line with those of the company? If not, why not?
What Does Teamwork Really Mean?
|
Introduction |
●When asked the question whether the interviewee is a "team player", he/she will say "yes". |
|
The essence of a team player |
●, a team player is one who can work within a group of people. |
|
●Deeply, a team player is one who can play a role in the team. |
|
|
|
In a football team ●There are two aims of the football team—to score goals and prevent the opponents from scoring. ●Every member has a specific role and plays a(n) role in the success of the team. |
|
In the corporate world ●Each company has its clearly defined goals. ●Every member of the team should their responsibility for their goals. |
|
|
|
●You should have your own idea when your vision with that of the company, the leader or the rest of the team. |
|
●When others find the idea inappropriate, don't take the rejection personally and you should handle it . |
|
|
●Although seeming crazy, new ideas should be offered and freely. |
|
|
Conclusion |
●If you are not happy in your working environment, it is that your team is not working well. |
Most people have a list of wishes—things that they think will bring them happiness. Happiness lists are easy to come up with. However, the mechanism behind them is somewhat complicated, since it involves what psychologist Daniel Gilbert calls the greatest achievement of the human brain—the ability to imagine. To imagine what will bring joy to our future selves requires mental time travel, which is a unique human skill resulting from two million years of evolution. We use this skill every day, predicting our future emotions and then making decisions, whether big or small, according to our forecasts of how they'll make our future selves feel.
Yet, our imagination often fails us. When we're lucky enough to get what we wished for, we discover that it doesn't come with everlasting happiness. And when the things we feared come to pass, we realize that they don't crush us after all. In dozens of studies, Gilbert has shown that we can mispredict emotional consequences of positive events, such as receiving gifts or winning football games, as much as negative events, like breaking up or losing an election. This impact bias(影响偏差) —overestimation of the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future events—is significant, because the prediction of the duration of our future emotions is what often shapes our decisions, including those concerning our happiness.
Just as our immune systems work tirelessly to keep our bodies in good health, our psychological immune systems routinely employ an entire set of cognitive(认知) mechanisms in order to deal with life's habitual attack of less-than-pleasant circumstances. Actually, our psychological immune system has an impressive feature of its own: the ability to produce happiness. Thus, when life disappoints us, we "ignore, transform, and rearrange" information through a variety of creative strategies until the rough edges of negative effects have been dutifully dulled. When we fail to recognize this ability of our psychological immune systems to produce happiness, we're likely to make errors in our affective forecasting.
Happiness, Gilbert points out, is a fast moving target. As passionate as we're about finding it, we routinely misforecast what will make us happy, and how long our joy will last. In reality, he adds that the best way to make an affective forecast is not to use your imagination, but your eyes. Namely, instead of trying to predict how happy you 'll be in a particular future, look closely at those who are already in the future that you're merely contemplating(冥想)and ask how happy they are. If something makes others happy, it'll likely make you happy as well.
|
Forecasting Happiness |
|
|
The mechanism behind happiness lists |
*It's a bit complicated because of the involvement of the human ability to . *Mental time travel is a unique human skill we use on a(n) basis to make predictions about our future emotions and then all our decisions on them. |
|
The with predicting happiness |
*We can make wrong predictions about emotional consequences of positive or negative events, which can us from making right decisions. |
|
The functions of the psychological immune system |
*Our psychological immune system routinely help unpleasant circumstances in life. *Our wrong affective forecasting results from our to recognize the power of our psychological immune system. |
|
An effective to predict happiness |
*Use your eyes of your imagination while making affective forecasts. others who are in the future that you're contemplating and ask how happy they are. |
An inferiority complex（自卑情结） as the name suggests is a complex in which an individual has strong feelings of inferiority. While we all have weak points, the person with an inferiority complex will focus on these weaknesses and use them to evaluate their overall worth. As a result, they see themselves generally less important or successful than others.
In some cases inferiority complex can lead to overcompensation. Here the individual does everything in his power to overcome his inferiority and this can mean that they end up in highly successful jobs, gaining great wealth and succeeding in powerful relationships. However while such a person might be a high achiever, a sense of inferiority will mean that they will always be less happy than they could be and it may have other negative impacts on their life.
Another possible outcome of an inferiority complex is that the individual ends up backing down from difficult situations and acting without any sense of worth or entitlement（权利）. Here the person's low self belief changes the way he behaves, and that in turn changes the way he is treated by others which in turn results in him actually becoming inferior in some ways.
There are many factors that may lead to inferiority, but they tend to be the result of conditioned beliefs that come from continuous failure or criticism. Often parental attitudes can result in an inferiority complex if the child did not receive the right encouragement or unconditional love when growing up. In some cases an inferiority complex could also arise as a result of some kind of defect（缺陷） either physical or mental.
If you are suffering from an inferiority complex, it's time that you did something about it.
One of the very best ways to improve your self esteem is to find a loving partner. This is a great way to make you more confident as he or she will love you for who you are and always be there to support you and increase your confidence. Another is to take up a hobby. Find one thing that you are good at and then get your confidence from that. For instance, you might choose to take up a sport or woodwork, and then you can practice getting better at that and gain more confidence. Moreover, you can turn to self-help book. If you find the right books and follow the advice carefully, then it is possible to transform the way you view yourself and the way you present yourself.
|
Concept of an inferiority complex |
An inferiority complex refers to a of self-worth and a mental state where people think they are not as good as others. |
|
Outcomes of an inferiority complex |
● People with an inferiority complex may misjudge their value and consider other people to themselves. ● People with an inferiority complex are likely to spare no to fight inferiority and becomes a higher achiever finally, but they may still feel less happy. ● An inferiority complex can lead people tofrom difficult situations and act improperly. |
|
of an inferiority complex |
● People who often lose out or are blamed continuously are more to suffer from an inferiority complex. ● Children having no to unconditional parental love and proper encouragement tend to have an inferiority complex. ● Physical or mental disabilities can increase the chances of an inferiority complex. |
|
Suggestions on overcoming an inferiority complex |
● Find a loving partner who will always love you and be around to you, which helps you be more confident. ● Choose something you are in and practise it for better, thus getting your confidence developed and increased. ● Find the most suitable self-help books and do as they advise, and you can change you view and represent yourself. |
Study in Canada
Why Canada?
Canadians place a premium(保险) on education and demand first-rate schools. Canada is among the top three countries in the Organization for Economic. International students who graduate from Canadian universities land successful and promising careers.
Ranked as #1 in the World
For the past several years, a United Nations survey has found Canada to be the best place in the world to live in. Conducted every year, the survey evaluates quality of life in 174 countries, using over 200 performance indicators. Canada earned particularly high marks for its access to education, high life expectancy(长寿), and low crime and violence rates.
Canadian Education is Competitively Priced
Tuition fees for international students in Canada are comparatively much lower than in any other English speaking country
More than 800000 Canadians trace their roots back to India!
High Standard of Living
Canadians enjoy a standard of living among the highest in the world. More than 65 per cent of Canadians own their own homes, with a higher percentage owning durable goods. Canadians are proud of their world-famous and highly advanced broadcasting system which includes more than 1,000 AM and FM radio stations and some 719 television stations to serve, entertain and educate the listening and viewing audience.
The vast majority of Canada's population of more than 30 million people lives in urban areas.
Welcoming & Beautiful Environment
All major urban centers have a variety of shopping malls, restaurants, theaters, art galleries and museums. Canadian cities provide numerous parks, gardens and beaches for public use, as well as excellent sports and recreation facilities. Canadians place a high value on their natural environment.
Canada is well-known as a safe, just and peaceful society. Canadian crime rates have been falling steadily since the 1990s. In 1997, Canada's police-reported crime rate decreased for the sixth year in a row, falling by five per cent. Violent crimes declined for the fifth year in a row in 1997 and Canada's homicide (杀人) rate now accounts for less than one percent of all reported violent incidents. Unlike its US neighbors to the south, firearms are strictly controlled and generally are not permitted in Canada.
Canada is a country with two official languages, English and French. The vast majority (75 per cent) of Canada's French-speaking inhabitants(居民) live in Québec(魁北克), which is located in the eastern part of the country but there are French-speaking communities throughout the country.
Internationally, it is estimated that more than 800 million people speak English and 250 million speak French. Canada offers superior English as a Second Language (ESL) and French as Second Language (FSL) training for students wishing to learn either or both languages.
|
Study in Canada |
|
|
Why Canada? |
International student's from Canadian universities enjoy a higher employment rate. |
|
Ranked as #1 in the World |
In Canada education is accessible, people live longer, and crime and violence happen. |
|
Canadian Education is Competitively Priced |
Other English speaking countries ask for a much tuition fee than Canada. |
|
High Standard of Living |
Broadcasting system in Canada is famous, advanced and serves Purposes. Few of Canadian people would like to live in areas. |
|
Welcoming & Beautiful
|
It is really to live in major urban centers. Canada is a place to study in. Canada's homicide rate is low because Canadians are to have firearms. Canada has two official languages. 800 million people speak English and 250 million speak French. |
