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A. threat B. recall C. extinct D. pecking E. definitely F. emerge G. typically H. essential J. definitely K. retire |
When Noah Webster was young, he was a teacher. He disliked American elementary schools. They could be overcrowded, with up to seventy children of all ages (crowd) into one-room schoolhouses. And he quickly became tired the books he used in class. They were all about the English people and places. he wanted books that would be interesting to the American children, he wrote three books with many American examples. By 1785, he had written his speller, a grammar book and a reader for elementary schools.
Webster worked hard to change the spellings of American English. He suggested words (spell) in the same way they were pronounced. He tried many ways to ask people to help him to do this. For example, one day he asked a boy in a printed shop to print words theatre, centre, colour, and labour as theater, center, color, and labor.
With the money he made from his books, particularly his speller, Webster could start his great work on his famous dictionary, took him more than twenty years to finish. It also helped create the popular contests (know) as "spelling bees". And today, Webster's dictionary is thought (be) the most important American English dictionary in the whole world. In a way, Webster dedicated his Speller and Dictionary to (provide) an intellectual foundation for American nationalism.
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A. form B. power C. high D. maintained E. strongly F. locations G. operation H. impressed I. replaced J. connection K. remained |
We are all familiar with planes, trains and automobiles, but what about transportation of a more unusual nature?
*Shanghai: Maglev Train
Shanghai is on a list of the destinations that tourists would like to visit in China. Do you want to feel the fast pace of the city as soon as you arrive in Shanghai? The maglev train is recommended! With the technological help of a German corporation, Shanghai Maglev train has been open to the public since 2003. It is the world's first and only commercialized maglev train line in . It takes only eight minutes to run from Pudong International Airport to Longyang Road Subway Station. You will definitely be by the amazing speed of the train and start an exciting journey in Shanghai.
*Beijing: Tram and Trolleybus
Trams and trolleybuses, part of Beijing's public transportation, have experienced several changes in urban development. The earliest tram service in Beijing dates back to 1899. In the late 1950s they were by trackless trolleybuses that continued to ply(沿···定时运行）tram routes and draw from overhead wires. The extension of the trolleybus service stopped in the 1980s, but electric trolleybuses an important component(构成要素）of the public transit system in the city. In 2008, tram service returned to Beijing in the of a sightseeing bus on Qianmen Avenue.
*Guangzhou: Bus Rapid Transit (快速公交系统)
Bus rapid transit (BRT) aims to use buses to provide a subway-like service and speed for commuters. However, it's more than ten times cheaper than subway systems to build and operate, because there is no need to lay railway tracks. The Guangzhou BRT system started to operate in 2010. It handles about one million passengers' trips daily, carrying people to the with a subway system of a bike-sharing network. As a matter of fact, the BRT system in Guangzhou is the first one in the world to establish a direct to subway stations.
One day a man found a cocoon(茧) of a butterfly in the forest. He sat there for several hours and watched the butterfly. Suddenly a small opening appeared, and the butterfly struggled to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could go no further. So the man decided to help the butterfly.
He took a pair of scissors and cut off the remaining bit of the cocoon so that the butterfly could come out easily. Much to his surprise, the butterfly got a swollen body but very small, weak wings when it came out of the cocoon.
The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that the body would grow smaller at any moment and the wings would enlarge and be able to support the body. But neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and small wings. It was never able to fly.
The man was in his kindness, but he did not understand the nature rules. The struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening was God's way of forcing fluid (流体) from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon.
Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life. If God allowed us to go through our life without any difficulties, it would make us fail. We would not be as strong as we could have been. And we could never fly.
The Harvard Pre-College Program is a nice experience for high school students. Alongside peers(同辈)from around the world, you'll be introduced to college life as you attend classes, live on campus, and enjoy fun outings and activities.
◆Learning without limits
Biology, physics, law, writing and philosophy — these are just a few of the 30-plus courses you can choose from in each session. In our noncredit classes, we set aside grades so that you can fully commit to your growth as a well-rounded student. Class sizes typically range from 14 to 18 students to encourage interactive learning.
◆Living at Harvard
When you attend the Pre-College Program, you'll live in a historic undergraduate house, near Harvard Square. You will be with your fellow Pre-College students, resident directors, and proctors who provide support. You'll also enjoy meals in one of Harvard's dining halls, which are a short walk from Harvard Yard and provide many options for a variety of dietary needs.
◆Thriving outside the classroom
The summer Pre-College Program offers many mentally challenging co-curricular(补充课程的)activities beyond the classroom. With faculty and Harvard-affiliated experts, you will have the opportunity to participate in workshops on topics like the psychology of color-blindness, classic literature from around the world and science of happiness. From our Cambridge scavenger hunt to a trip to the Sand Sculpting Festival at America's first public beach, there's no shortage of fun activities in the Pre-College Program.
A. So they have evolved sophisticated ways to cool themselves.
B. We can make these micro-structures into our own artificial processes.
C. It turns out that parts of butterflies' wings exploit a similar principle.
D. Such structures release warmth very efficiently, protecting the organs from overheating.
E. Along with its light weight, a butterfly-inspired cooling material might have another advantage.
F. Although far from a commercial application, such resulting material could eventually be used for purposes such as painting buildings.
Cool Butterfly Effect: Insect Equipment Could Inspire Heat-Radiating Tech
Devising better cooling materials has become a pressing issue as the climate warms, and some scientists are turning to nature for ideas. Small creatures with low body mass, such as insects, have to deal with the fact that they warm up much faster than large mammals. When butterflies land on tree branches in the sun, for example, their relatively large wings can overheat within seconds.
Researchers have now uncovered these colorful insects' built-in cooling mechanisms.
Heat is generated by the vibration of molecules. The more molecules a material can expose on its surface, the more heat it can release in a process called radiative cooling. Those made of folded layers shaped like waves, for example, cool off much faster than solid objects because they have more exposed surface area. The wings themselves are complex systems that contain both living and nonliving structures, covered by various types of scales made of chitin—a rigid substance that is also found in some fungi(真菌). The researchers found that the scales covering these structures have different shapes that radiate heat in different ways. To decipher how these complex systems work, the team studied several types of butterflies
The scientists' work is ''remarkable'', says Aaswath Raman, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. '' Butterfly wings are extremely light, and the microstructures involved are extremely small and thin. So this discovery can inspire ways of getting rid of heat in very lightweight systems. ''
It might work in a variety of colors. Many conventional buildings tend to be white because that it does not absorb heat. But painting too many things white does not look pleasing, says Qiaoqiang Gan, a photonics scientist. ''We still need a colorful world, '' Gan says, noting how vivid butterflies are in nature. ''Butterfly wings give us an example that colorful structures can also result in cooling. ''
