高考英语专题复习——选词填空（真题）

    Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.

    Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made , the nutrition inspector said.

    Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country's overweight .

    "There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a to us," he said. "Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale."

    He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greekto put calorie counts on all their menus.

    A trial scheme（试行方案） with 21 food companies took place last summer, and are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.

    A consultation(征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is  to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.

    Governmentsuggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not , this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at  risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.

As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the of our mother's face well before we can recognize her body shape. It's how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don't learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes for facial recognition.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area (FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person's face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This complex is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations.

    Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food  at the supermarket. Since you really yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help_some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.

    Governments don't have tohealthier lifestyles through laws  for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose withhints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.

    The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product containsby looking at the lights on the package. A green light _that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.

    Considering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation's image. They motivate workers and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential, or  , customers. They make business work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.

As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers come up with  to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These  solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.

    As employee hierarchies （等级制度）have flattened or decreased, office designers' response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been  by changes in workstation design. Office and work spaces often are not  to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by breaking the walls that  workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places and upgraded employees' to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.

Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often  demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company's image and will enable employees to  and their best.

    All these  of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like good marriage—the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.

Golden Rules of Good Design

        What makes good design? Over the years,designers and artists have been trying to  the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.

          Less is more. This saying is associated withthe German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary

    More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is  design. Post-Modernist designers began to  with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen  such as ovens and kettles.

    Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product's function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is . For example, think of a(n)  desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to light where it is needed.

    From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows usto easily the toothpaste onto our brush.