In modern cities, it is now time as much as space that separates urban functions, as people's lives are lived not only to different timetables, but also at wildly different rates. The mass timetable of the industrial city, with 9-5 offices hours and silent Sundays, has gone. In its place is flexible-time, part-time working, Sunday shopping and the 24-hour city.
European cities are responding to these changes perhaps faster than British cities. In at least half a dozen cities in Italy, for example, you will find the Uffici Tempil— the Offices of Time. What they do is try to reorganise time more flexibly in the city, in order to meet new needs. This is particularly relevant for Italian women, an increasing number of whom have to balance two timetables: work and home. Usually located in the Mayor's office, the Uffici Tempil bring together transport providers, shop-owners, employers, trade unions, the police and other services to see how their efforts might be better harmonised(使…和谐). The main aim in all this is to increase efficiency and productivity of the city. This can mean delaying the starting times in schools, offices and factories to avoid rush hours, or having shops opening later in the day but closing later too. One further benefit is that there can be more police about in the evening, patrolling(巡逻) the streets when people most need them.
In a number of German cities, people have been debating whether the timetable of the future city should be 6x6 or 4x9 — working hours, that is. Apparently male workers favour a four-day week, while women workers, on the other hand, favour six shorter working days. This would give employees more time in the afternoon to be with children or to get the shopping.
The need for public services to adapt to (适应) our changing lifestyles has been quite difficult for some of the staff involved. After all who likes working evenings or Sundays?
Nevertheless, many city centres are now open for shopping seven days a week, and a number of them now promote themselves as‘24-hour cities', where those with money can drink, eat, dance and even shop the whole night.
Time is flexible, but buildings aren't. The mismatch between the structure of the city and its uses, over time, is a serious architectural and planning problem. Adaptability has become the key skill. We are slowly abandoning the terms of dormitory suburbs and industrial districts, in favour of mixed-use areas, out-of-town retailing (零售) and working from home. There is no doubt that planning theory is being challenged by the changing nature of time in the modern.
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