China's long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world. We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing (150-219) was a Chinese physician in Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time. His famous work " Shang Han Za Bing Lun " had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Today, this great book was still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan (AD 427 or 469-527) was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). He wrote the famous work "Commentary to the River Classic " (Shui Jing Zhu). The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China's geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). He was called "China's King of Medicine " for his important contributions to Chinese traditional medicine. Sun authored two books — "Qian Jin Yao Fang" and "Qian Jin Yi Fang" that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Song Dynasty (960-1279). He compiled (汇编) an scientific work "Dream Pool Essays", which involves a lot descriptions about the animals and plants in the country. Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation (航行). His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was four hundred years earlier than Europe.
"The mosquitofish is one of the 100 world's worst invasive (侵入的) species, and present methods to kill it are too expensive. It will take too much time to successfully control the spread of the mosquitofish," says Giovanni Polverino. "This global pest is a serious threat to many animals living in water. Instead of killing them one by one, we're presenting an approach that can inform better strategies to control this global pest. We made their worst nightmare become real: a robot that scares the mosquitofish but not the other animals around it."
In the presence of the robotic fish, mosquitofish would stay closer to each other and spend more time at the center of the testing area. They were unwilling to swim to unknown waters. They also swam more crazily, with frequent and sharp turns, than those who haven't met the robot. They swam away from the robot and back to their living area. The influence of fear lasted. The scared fish were less active, ate more, and froze longer, presenting signs of anxiety that continued weeks after their last encounter (相遇) with the robot.
For the tadpoles (蝌蚪) the mosquitofish usually hunt for food, the robot's presence was a change for the better. Tadpoles have poor eyesight. They don't see the robot well. Because the robot changed the behavior of the mosquitofish, the tadpoles didn't have predators (捕食者) at their tails anymore and they were more willing to explore in the testing area. "It turned out to be a positive thing for tadpoles. Once freed from the danger of having mosquitofish around, they were not scared anymore. They're happy. "
After five weeks of brief encounters between the mosquitofish and the robot, the team found that the fish spent more energy towards escaping than reproducing. Male fish's bodies became thin.
"While successful at preventing mosquitofish, the lab-grown robotic fish is not ready to be put into the wild," says Maurizio Porfiri. The team will still have to overcome technical challenges.
Recently, the magazine Big Think asked top minds from a variety of fields to comment on what the future holds 40 years from now. The result is as follows.
It's likely that by 2050 the majority of the people in the world will live in urban (城市的) areas, and will have a much higher average age than people today. Cities theorist Richard Florida thinks urbanization will reinvent the education system of the United States, making our economy less real estate (房地产) driven and erasing(消除) the divisions between home and work.
And rapidly advancing technology will continue ever more rapidly. Cities of the future won't look like "some sort of science-fiction fantasy", but it's likely that technological advances and information overlays (VR and AR) will greatly change how we live. Self-driving cars will make the roads safer and provide faster transports. A larger version of driverless cars－driverless trucks － may make long-distance drivers out of date.
Some long view predictions are completely dire. Environmentalist Bill McKibben says that if we don't make great progress in fighting global warming, it's likely we could see out-of-control rises in sea levels, huge crop shortfalls, and wars over limited freshwater resources.
In terms of how we will eat, green markets founder and "real food" supporter Nina Planck believes that there will be more small milk processing plants, and more regional food operations and we'll be healthier as a result. New York Times feature writer Mark Bittman thinks that people will eat fewer processed foods, and eat foods grown closer to where they live. And Anson Mills farmer Glenn Roberts thinks that more people will be aware of the "ethical(道德的) responsibility" to grow and preserve land-raised farm systems.
What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live.
The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.
The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. What are these special methods of thinking and acting?
—he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected.
Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves. He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum. He is skeptical—he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available—and therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth.
Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.
A. First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity
B. To begin with, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own
C. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.
D. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place.
E. He knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
F. He uses the facts he observes to the fullest extent.
G. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science.
Elsa Desmond knows she is not going to win a medal at the Beijing Winter Olympics, but she is 1 as the first women's luge(无舵雪橇)Olympian from Ireland. She was the 26th to 2 the line in the first run of the women's race on Monday night, 3 than none of the other athletes. However, that did not 4 to her and she celebrated with a large smile on her face.
Although she will not win in Beijing, she has already won some 5 . She had been given many reasons why she could not compete: she is too short, she did not start 6 at a young age, and she could not balance a(n) 7 job with competing in a sport. The biggest 8 simply might have been that Ireland did not have a luge organization. So, she 9 one herself; she had to self-fund.
Now, 10 , she is a luge Olympian. "I'm a doctor in general surgery, I have all these really 11 challenges, but I think everyone has worked as hard as they can to be here. "She is expected to return to work on this Friday because she was given some time 12 to compete in the Olympics, and now she has 13 parts of her job.
Desmond has to balance these two 14 jobs—sliding a few months out of the year and living a life in medicine. There was a(n) 15 last season when she had to take important medical examinations in hotels in Germany where other sliders from different countries were staying. "I had to stick signs on my door saying ‘Do not disturb, exam in 16 , in about six different 17 ."
Desmond got the honor of 18 her country in Beijing, and being one of two people 19 Ireland's flag during the opening ceremony on Friday. "I don't think I can 20 words how excited I was to lead out the team. I really hope that I make my country proud."
The difference between a novelist and a professor is that the former (most) uses his extraordinary creative genius to inspire people's passion by writing novels, while the latter (pay) more attention to academic research. A politician wants (found) his own theories and tries to come to power. A scientist hopes to make remarkable achievements and have more inventions and patents. Take Albert Einstein for example. He made numerous (contribute) to the world, the most well-known (be) the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. He earned a doctorate in physics in 1905 and gradually became famous as the new Isaac Newton. Circumstances changed in 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions (close) to him. As consequence, he had to flee Germany. He finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Einstein was not only a genius, but also a very gentle man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair. Despite his peculiarities, he (admire) by his friends and neighbours whom he encountered. It was on 18 April 1955 Einstein passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
: "A good beginning is half done."
She in her letter.
we get this right.
Tom is his homework, so you'd better him .
You have both a new for and a continued need for your parents' love and support.
I must to you for not replying to your letter on time.
You must to finishing the task on time.
1）讨论的结果描述；
2）你的观点。
注意：
1）写作词数应为80左右；
2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
A Discussion on Ideal Jobs
What job would you like to do in the future?
……
Mo was waiting in the corridor outside her class. She was feeling sick. She had two exams that day and physics was first. She really hated physics. It was her worst subject. Terry looked back at her from the front of the line, and then looked away quickly. Mo thought she looked guilty. She didn't have a problem with physics; she didn't have a problem with anything... Miss Perfect!
"Hi, Mo, it's your favourite exam today," said Nina, laughing as she joined the line. Terry was looking at Mo again. "So what's wrong with her?" asked Nina. "I thought you were friends." "Yes, so did I," said Mo. "But she hasn't spoken to me for two weeks now. She promised to help me review for the physics exam too, but then she's ignored all my calls and texts. And when I rang her house, her mum just told me she was busy." said Mo angrily. At that time, Mr Reed asked all the students into the exam room.
Mo couldn't answer question number five. She looked up and saw Terry sitting two rows in front of her. Mo couldn't believe it! Terry was holding her phone on her knees under the table and reading from it. Is that how Terry always got such good grades? She felt really angry at Terry, but she didn't know what to do. She thought about telling the teacher, but what would everyone else think of her? "Stop writing and put your pens down." said Mr Reed as he started to collect the exam papers.
Mo wanted to talk to Terry at lunch time, but she couldn't find her anywhere. The next exam was history. That was Mo's favourite subject but she wasn't feeling good. Mo went to the library to study, but she couldn't concentrate. "It wasn't fair!" she thought. "Terry was getting good grades by cheating all that time," thought Mo. Just then, Mr Reed walked past her table. "Mr Reed."
Mo was sitting behind Terry again in the history exam that afternoon. Mo was feeling terrible. Why had she told Mr Reed? But it was too late now. And anyway, Terry didn't want to be her friend! Mr Reed wanted her to look at her and nod if she saw that Terry was cheating in the exam.
注意：1）续写词数应为150左右;
2）请按如下格式作答。
Paragraph1：
She was working on the last question when she saw that Terry have her phone under the table.
Paragraph2：
Mo was walking towards the school gate, when she saw Terry. "Mo, I want to talk to you."
