Linguists estimate that of the approximately 6, 500 languages worldwide, about one-third are endangered or extinction. According to some linguists, the estimated is one language lost every few weeks. If this sounds like the world is losing a species, in a way, it is.
When a language is lost——meaning no living person can teach another— is lost. Some foreign language expressions simply cannot be translated. Conversational phrases usually reflect a culture. For example, aboriginal languages in Canada and Australia have words that reflect a way of life that the environment. Words can encompass whole situations of time and landscape that an English speaker's experience. In
Algonquian languages, the grammatical first person is "you" —so the listener comes first.
These views learn more about the human and the natural world. Botanists have discovered new species of plants after examining the meaning of Aboriginal names of flora that . Archaeologists are using languages to historical cultures.
Languages are much like living creatures that become endangered when numbers die down . Local natural disasters, war, and famine are some of the reasons languages slip through . Some languages may not have been passed on to children because of forced cultural suppression. Linguistic communities can show resilience when is restored to them such that elders are heard and youth can continue to speak.
Baby Talk
Babies will pay more attention to baby talk than regular speech, regardless of which languages they're used to hearing, according to a study by UCLA's Language Acquisition Lab.
The study found that babies who were exposed to two languages had a(n) (great) interest in infant-directed speech than adult-directed speech. However, some parents' concern is teaching two languages could mean an infant won't learn to speak on time, but the new study shows bilingual babies are developmentally right on track.
In the study, which took place at 17 labs on four continents, researchers observed 333 bilingual babies and 384 monolingual babies, (range) in age from 6 to 9 months and 12 to 15 months. Each baby would sit on a parent's lap while recordings of an English-speaking mother, using infant-directed speech or adult-directed speech, played from speakers on the left or the right. Computer tracking measured each baby looked in the direction of each sound.
According to the study, 6-to 9-month-old babies who had mothers with higher levels of education preferred baby talk more than babies mothers had less education. It is very likely the mothers with higher education levels spoke more to the babies and used infant-directed speech more often.
"Crucially for parents, we found that development of learning and attention is similar infants, whether they're learning one or two languages, "said Megha Sundara, a UCLA linguistics professor. "And, of course, learning a language earlier helps you (learn) it better, so bilingualism is a win-win. "
As the research continues, parents can babble to their babies in one language or two, and rest easy knowing they (not cause) any confusion.
A. shaped B. blame C. selective D. delay E. beneficial F. considerable G. vary H. enhanced l. demand J. challenging K. significance |
A. drop B. affect C. aware D. differ E. reality F. reveals G. involves H. brilliant l. recognize J. influence K. continuous |
ls It Possible to Think About Something Even If There's No Word for It?
Though people think in language much of the time, it is likely that people think about something even if they don't have a word for it.
Take colors, for example. There are an infinite number of colors that don't all have their own names. If you have a can of red paint and add blue to it very slowly, each will change the color slightly, but there is no one moment when it will stop being red and become purple. The color spectrum (色谱) is . Our language, however, isn't continuous. Our language makes us break the color spectrum up into "red", "purple", and so on.
The language of the Dani of New Guinea only two basic color terms, one for "dark" colors (including blue and green) and one for "light" colors (including yellow and red). Their language breaks up the color spectrum differently from ours. But that doesn't mean they can't see the difference between yellow and red; a study that they can see different colors just as English speakers can.
So our language doesn't force us to see only what it gives us words for, but it can how we put things into groups. One of the jobs of a child learning language is to which things are called by the same word. After learning that the family's St. Bernard is a dog, the child may see a cow and say dog, thinking that the two things count as the same. Or the child may not be that the neighbor's chihuahua also counts as a dog. The child has to learn what range of objects is covered by the word dog. We learn to group things that are similar and give them the same label, but what counts as being similar enough to fall under a single label may in languages.
In other words, the of language isn't so much on what we can think about, or even what we do think about, but rather on how we break up into categories and label them. And in this, our language and our thoughts are probably both greatly influenced by our culture.
Readers of this magazine often write in saying, "I have written this story/ book. Can you please tell me who to send it to?" One of the first things they need to know is that they should be1 their markets and finding out about publishers as well as practicing their writing skills. Turning2 into something saleable takes a good deal of knowledge about the "writing game".
Whatever kind of 3 you do, you need to develop a knowledge of the markets you are aiming at. There are several ways of doing this, but the best one is simply by reading everything relevant you can lay your hands on. Use your local4 and go round the local bookshops and newsagents. Reading widely will always give you the best guide to what kinds of writing publishers are actually5 at any given time.
To begin with you may be looking around, not quite6 what you want to write. Let us say you feel that you might like to write short love stories. The very first thing you must do is find out which magazines use love stories and get hold of as many recent7 as you can. Then familiarize yourself with the kind of stories they are buying, taking special note of who the readers are. These readers will expect different things from their magazine, and the editor is only interested in meeting their needs.
The problem is that most 8 writers are too eager to send their work out, usually long before they are ready to enter the market. If you have only written one story or one article, it is not at all likely to be 9 . That almost never happens. When you read about so-called"10 ", you usually find that the person has been in the publishing trade or journalism for some years before their current success.
When you do finally send off some of your work for the first time, immediately get on with more work while you11 a reply; write ten more stories, twenty even. Each one will be better than the last and you will begin to think of yourself as a writer, and both your fluency and your confidence will grow. Don't tear any of them up--improve them instead. Also I would advise not showing your work to anyone else, 12 in the early-stages.
Don't forget that every successful writer will have had many13 before succeeding. Do everything you can to 14 your career as a writer. See whether there's a creative writing course near you. If not, try joining a local writers' group which will help you to gain ideas and confidence from 15 with other inspiring writers. Think of yourself as a writer and get that writing practice in—every day if possible.
I have a feeling that the existence of the memory box may have troubled my father from the beginning. He didn't give it to me until my twenty-first birthday even though it had been in our house all that time. Charlotte knew about it, of course, but neither she nor my father could bring themselves to mention it. I think they were both afraid of its significance. Also, I was a highly imaginative child and they simply didn't know how to introduce this memory box into my life.
Now, however, their nervousness makes me curious. What exactly were they afraid of? Did they think I might be shocked, and if so why? At any rate, both of them were visibly on edge, almost guilty, when finally on the morning of my twenty-first birthday they told me about it. It was clear they were relieved when I showed little interest in it. I said I didn't want to open it, or even see it.
This was a lie, and yet not a lie. The box did, in fact, make me curious even if I found I wanted to suppress the feeling. Aged ten, I don't think I would have been able to. I'm sure I would have been too excited at the thought that it might contain all sorts of treasures; and then around fifteen I'd have found it irresistibly romantic and would have been ready to weep on discovering dried roses pressed between the pages of meaningful poems. But at twenty-one I was very self-centred; my curiosity was only slight and I could more easily deny it. In fact, I felt a kind of discomfort at the notion of a dying woman choosing what to put in a box for me.
Nevertheless, there was no doubt that it forced me to think of Susannah. Growing up, I could hardly have thought of her less, wanting Charlotte to be my only mother. I was always angry if anyone referred to her as my stepmother. However, Charlotte herself would try to calm me by pointing out that, whether I liked it or not, that was exactly what she was.
After Charlotte died, the hardest thing I had to do was go back into our old home. For a whole month, I was obliged to go there day after day until every bit of furniture, every object, every book and picture, every piece of clothing, every last curtain and cushion was sorted out and ready to be collected by all manner of people. This was, of course, how I found the box, even though I very nearly missed it. My attention might not have been caught if it had not been for an odd-looking pink label attached to the parcel. On the label, what was written in ink, which had faded, but what you could still read was my own name—" For my darling Catherine Hope, in the future".
A. Today only a very small group of people still speak the language. B. The surviving language is one that is still in use in our modern world. C. They are among the earliest recorded languages, dating back to around 3200 BC. D. This is just a short list of the languages that we still recognize and use today. E. However, based on other evidence, scientists believe that it first appeared around 2500 BC. F. But when a language got written down for the first time doesn't really have anything to do with how old it is. |
Oldest Languages on the Earth
It seems that academics and professionals are still not entirely sure of how old language is, and it is even harder to accept which is the oldest surviving language.
As far as written languages go, Sumerian and Egyptian seem to have the earliest writing systems. But the oldest written language that is still in actual use would probably be Chinese, which first appeared around 1500 BC. When we get into languages that are still in use, there are some interesting differences.
The earliest discovered written examples of Tamil date back to 300 BC. And while it may not be known to a lot of people on our planet, today Tamil is spoken by around 78million people which makes it the longest surviving language in the world.
Next in line is Sanskrit, the ancient language of India which can be traced back to 2000 BC in its earliest written form. However, it has had a large influence on several western languages as part of the common Indo-European language root. What you might not know is that the basic language of computers were also constructed along the principles of Sanskrit.
Chinese is the single most spoken language in the world today with around 1.2 billion people who consider it their first language. The written origins of the language have been traced back to 1250 BC in the late Shang dynasty. Along with Tamil, Chinese is one of the oldest surviving languages in the world.
We know there have been many more languages but they are either no longer spoken, or lost to history as no written records have ever been found.
Summary Writing
World Languages Threatened
Many world languages may become extinct due to economic growth, a new study suggests. A study led by Tatsuya Amano at the University of Cambridge revealed that 25 percent of the world's languages are threatened. After identifying where the endangered languages were, the researchers looked for any environmental and social or economic factors those languages might have in common, such as rugged terrain(崎岖地形)or rapid population growth." We found that at the global scale, language speaker declines are strongly linked to economic growth—that is, declines are particularly occurring in economically developed regions, "Amano said.
"We showed that this is a global phenomenon, which I think is the most important in our findings, "Amano said. "" So economically developed countries with many languages, such as the United States and Australia, need immediate attention if their languages are to be conserved. "
Economic growth may endanger languages for a variety of reasons. For instance, speakers of endangered languages may view another more dominant language as offering economic opportunities and integration into mainstream society, and thus abandon their own languages.
There are other important factors that might endanger languages, the researchers said. For instance, policies regarding how languages are used and taught in schools" can be very different among countries and even within each country, and these factors may explain more detailed patterns in language endangerment, "Amano said. "But it was almost impossible to collect such information at the global scale for this study. This will be the next step for our project. ""
Amano suggested it could be possible to forecast future threats to linguistic diversity. "There exists detailed information on projected future changes in the environment, economies and climates, "Amano said. "Using such information, together with the findings of this study and further analysis, we would like to understand what will happen to the world's languages, where it will happen and which languages will be threatened in particular. "