上海市大同重点中学2022届高三上学期9月月考英语试题

Rosa's Sports Photo Competition Entry

Ice hockey is played on an ice rink with a goal net at each end. Two teams on skates compete to score goals by using a stick, curved at one end, (hit) a small, hard rubber disc, called a puck. There may be 20 players in each team, but only six can be on the rink at any time. One of them is the goalkeeper, who (allow) to catch the puck or block it with any part of their body, as well as with their sick. Ice hockey has always been most popular in places cold winters, for example in Canada, northern European, countries and the northern states of the USA. However, with indoor ice rinks, many other countries have started competing in this sport and ice hockey events held all year around.

In this photo, (take) during a match between Hungary and Holland, you can see two players who are trying to control the puck. Their bodies are bumping together and the Dutch player is finding it hard to keep his balance on one leg, but they are both concentrating on reaching the puck with their sticks. I chose this action photo because it shows exciting and competitive the game is. The light shining on the ice gives you an idea of the hard surface, makes ice hockey the fastest team sport in the world. The puck can travel up to 160 kph and players may shake at about 40 kph. They must be ready to race forward, stop or turn quickly and changes suddenly from attacking to defending.

Also, the photo shows, ice hockey is a very physical contact sport. Injuries are common, especially players crash into each other. In the photo you can see the helmets that protect their heads and the thick pads that are worn on their legs, knees and shoulders. The game is so challenging that players can usually only stay on the ice for about two minutes before (replace). It is their amazing physical skill and speed make ice hockey so exciting to watch.

Queen Elizabeth II has responded to Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's request to "step back" as senior members of the royal family.

"Today my family had very discussions on the future of my grandson and his family," the reigning monarch shared in a statement. "My family and I are entirely supportive of Harry and Meghan's desire to create a new life as a young family. Although we would have preferred them to remain full-time working Members of the Royal Family, we respect and understand their wish to live a more independent life as a family while remaining a part of my family.

"Harry and Meghan have made clear that they do not want to be on public funds in their new lives," the 93-year -old continued. "It has therefore been agreed that there will be a period of transition during which the Sussexes will spend time in Canada and the UK. These are complex matters for my family to and there is some more work to be done, but I have asked for final decisions to be reached in the coming days."

Elizabeth had called for a face-to-face meeting with Harry, 35, and other members of the royal family in order to iron out logistics of his and Markle's decision to become "financially independent" of the crown.

The meet-up marked the first time the queen and her grandson met following the shocking announcement on social media last week. It reflected the queen's desire to the fallout from Harry and Meghan's decision. A palace insider previously said that the royal family were not informed of the couple's announcement until it was made to the world.

The meeting comes after days of intense news , in which supporters of the royal family's feuding factions used the British media to paint pictures of who was to blame for the rift.

The royal brothers even issued a rare joint statement denying the media that William is to blame for the couple's to split their time between the United Kingdom and North America.

Last week, Duke and Duchess of Sussex shared on social media that their decision came "after many months of and internal discussions."

When you are stuck on a problem, sometimes it is best to stop thinking about it—consciously, anyway. Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the brain create1to a solution. Now a new study2on the effect of this so-called incubation（潜伏期）by using sound cues to focus the sleeping mind on a targeted problem.

When humans sleep, parts of the brain replay certain memories, strengthening and transforming them. About a decade ago researchers developed a technique, called targeted memory reactivation（TMR）, aimed at further enhancing3memories: when a sound becomes associated with a memory and is later played during sleep, that memory gets4. In a study published last November in Psychological Science, scientists tested whether5the memory of a puzzle during sleep might also improve problem-solving.

About 60 participants visited the laboratory before and after a night of6. First, they7spatial, verbal and conceptual puzzles, with a distinct music clip repeating in the background for each, until they had worked on six puzzles they could not solve. Overnight they wore electrodes（电极）to detect slow-wave sleep, which may be important for memory enhancement—and a device played the sounds 8to three of the six unsolved puzzles. The next day, back at the lab, the participants attempted the six puzzles again. (Each repeated the experiment with a different set of puzzles the following night.) All told, the subjects solved 32 percent of the sound-stimulated puzzles compared with 21 percent of the 9puzzles.

The researchers "very bravely went for quite complex tasks that involved a lot of complex processing, and remarkably they found these really strong effects in all of their 10." says Penny Lewis, a psychologist at Cardiff University, who was not involved in the research. "These are supercool results. Now we need to go out and try to understand them by firstly replicating（复制）them and secondly trying to 11the component processes that are actually being influenced."

Beyond providing new evidence that humans restructure memories while sleeping the research may have 12implications. "In a futuristic world, maybe TMR could help us use sleep to work on our problems," says lead author Kristin Sanders, who was a graduate student at Northwestern University during the study. Sleep-monitoring technology is increasingly accessible—and even without devices, prospective solvers can focus on important problems before 13.

Still, sleep is not 14; people need to do their homework and load their heads with the puzzle pieces involved. "I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique," Sanders says, "because I am totally 15cancer research."

When asked in 1993 to comment on accusations that the movie In the Name of the Father distorts (曲解) contemporary British and Irish history, female lead Emma Thompson responded that she couldn't care less. Even since the premiere (首映) in 1915 of The Birth of a Nation, filmmakers have rewritten history to create top-dollar entertainment. The films are very persuasive: well-made movies hold your interest continuously, drawing your attention to "what happens next," and pulling you forward with no time to reflect on individual scenes until the final credits roll. The result: you don't remember much about a movie after watching it for the first time. For this reason, movies have extraordinary power - unmatched by any other medium - to leave you with a strong sense of what is right and what is wrong, who is bad and who is good, even though critical details presented in the movies may be false.

Well, so what? They're just movies. In fact they're not just movies. Millions of Americans are devoted history lovers, and they pack theatres every time new movies about historical figures or events come to town. Saving private Ryan and Titanic drew viewers and cash for months. Many high school teachers screen movies in the classroom. Clearly countless Americans get most of their history from television and the big screen.

Some of the industry's finest historical and period films premiered during the past decades. But the 1960s also saw a number of politically charged history-based movies full of factual distortions and, occasionally, outright lies. Today the trend continues on a larger scale: many movies released in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21*t century reflect lack of respect for solid, reliable history.

History Goes to the Movies is a source of information and, it is hoped, entertainment for everyone interested in the actual history behind a wide selection of movies grouped into twelve sections--11 covering historical periods and events and twelfth containing biographies and period films. Each movie review includes an essay on the history covered in one or more movies, and a brief plot summary. Star ratings (five stars: don't miss it) reflect each movie's historical accuracy and - to a much lesser extent — its power to amuse.

Obviously, expecting textbook accuracy from movies would be ridiculous-and producers have delivered a remarkable number of historically faithful movies. But some of them get too much of their history wrong. History Goes to the Movies is a guide, however imperfect, for readers and viewers aiming to get it right.

There are few spectacles more unpleasant than a television presenter trying to hang on to a job. When one of the presenters of the BBC program Crimewatch resigned recently, rather than suffer the inevitable indignity of being unfinished and replaced by a younger version, he made the usual hurt noises about his masters' overemphasis on youth. People in the media listened sympathetically before he slid from view to join the ranks of television's has-beens.

The presenter's argument, that the views don't care how old you are so long as you can "do the job," unfortunately is not backed up by the evidence. When you're on TV, viewers are always thinking about whether you're losing your hair or your figure and, lately, whether you've had cosmetic work done. This is what they're actually doing when you think they're listening to the wise things you say. Viewers actually don't understand much of what the job involves, they just see you sitting there looking the part. Like the ability to pet one's head while rubbing one's stomach, TV presenting is just one of those sills. Some of those who possess this skill can hit the big name, inevitably as they become more attached to the lifestyle this brings, however, the more likely they are to overstate the skill.

In reality, if somebody is paying you a lot of money to do a job, it's often on the tacit (心照不宣的) understanding that you may be fired suddenly-it's part of the deal. Unlike football managers, TV presenters pretend not to understand this. If they've had many years being paid silly sums to read a script from an autocue (自动题词机)，it's difficult for them to accept that they've been the beneficiary of good fortune rather than anything else; even harder to face the fact that an editor could all too easily send them to the shopping channels.

Something similar eventually awaits all the people who are currently making fortunes that would have been unimaginable to earlier generations of presenters. One day we'll decide that their face no longer fits and they'll be dragged away complaining about the same ageist policy from which they no doubt previously profited. Show business is a brutal (残忍的) business. The one thing it reliably punishes is age, particularly among women. That's why, at the age of fifty, female TV presenters become female radio presenters and why girl bands planning to re-form need to get it done before they're forty, after which it will get too hard for everyone to suspend their collective disbelief.

When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimize ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain's software.

There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable confidence, "this will help", is mental activity.

There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other intellectually challenging activities, preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered from the physical effects of brain ageing and degenerative diseases. We call this buffer "cognitive reserve" - a back-up reservoir of brain function that can protect from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. For example, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia. In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive, reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.

  The more we understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be3 in designing interventions to keep the human brain healthier for longer.

  We think it can be built up throughout life for everyone. Therefore, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to "use it or lose it" probably applies no matter how old you are. Crucially, it's never to late to start.

A. Many ways of doing this have been suggested, but few have scientific weight behind them.

B. Though there is not enough scientific research about it, many suggestions have been put forward.

C. Cognitive reserve isn't exclusive to those who have the IQ of a genius or who've devoted their life to theoretical physics.

D. Yet there's still much to discover about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience.

E. This is despite the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age- and disease-related damage.

F. However, studies about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience leave much to be desired.

Where Arts Should Get Its Funding?

Few people would contest the value of arts in a civilized society. Great art enriches people's lives by providing pleasure, stimulation and an escape from the pressure of everyday life. However, it is also true that many of the arts, such as classical music, the ballet, and the visual arts have always attracted a minority audience. The question is whether the arts should be publicly funded, or whether it is the consumers who should pay.

It is my view that the government should subsidize the arts, for a number of reasons. First of all, without subsidies, many artists would undoubtedly be unable to survive financially. Government grants can enable them to work with artistic freedom, while if they worked independently or relied on private subsidies they might be subject to market pressures and the need to make a profit. Secondly, the arts contribute to a nation's cultural heritage and can create a sense of social identity. They can also play an important role in education, community regeneration and even crime prevention. However, the main argument for public funding of the arts is not social usefulness, but rather because they are important for their own sake.

Of course, there are those who argue that public money would be better spent on meeting the needs of the poorer members of society, rather than catering for the interests of an elite. However, I believe that a healthy society is one in which art and creativity are valued alongside these basic needs. Indeed, a civilized society ought to make the arts accessible to everyone, regardless of their background or income.

In conclusion, the arts should be funded across a broad range of activities, for example, by supporting community or school theatre projects, or bringling sculptures and art installations to public places.

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参考词汇：低头族 phubber