上海市华东师范大学附属东昌中学2021-2022学年高一下学...

Today, getting information is as easy as browsing a webpage. (type) in a question and you will get a long list of links within a second. These websites promise to answer your questions. But actually, they may not be all that trustworthy. What do you do?

(figure) out which site is believable takes work. Fact-check is not impossible, though. In fact, it's what good journalists do every day. You can learn from the methods reporters use to determine the truth of what they get.

(check) a new claim, a reporter contacts experts on the topic. In journalism, such experts are known as "sources." A source may be a scientist who has discovered new in a lab. Or it could be a witness to a crime. The more strange or controversial(有争议的) a claim is, the more sources a reporter may need to contact.

Just because I read something doesn't mean I believe it. You should ask questions and double-check every factoid(令人信以为真的报导) as the reporters do.

Reporters who don't have much time or motivation may just quote the first scientist they encounter who (involve) in a study they are reporting on. They may believe all this scientist says. If the reporter doesn't get an outside comment, the reader will not know to what extent they should be able to trust the original source. Keep that in mind you read news reports.

Also, some "news" stories are written by organizations that are (interested) in promoting a certain viewpoint than they are in accurately reporting on a given event or situation. Also, there is a chance that the entire site may be biased(有偏见的), from the owners down to the journalists themselves, can cause them to willfully mislead their readers. You might search for the writer online and figure out who pays them.

What's more, was the person who had written the story or who had interviewed a given source named? Was this writer a journalist or just someone who had heard about some new claims? Did they describe what made the sources (qualify) to be experts in support of their story? You should be skeptical (怀疑的)— of everything you read, even here. That's acting like a journalist.

Almost every kid has, at one time or another, eaten a Hershey chocolate bar. But do you know the founder of the chocolate empire, Milton Hershey, had tasted lots of failure before he ever enjoyed the flavor of success?

Milton S. Hershey's story began in southeastern Pennsylvania and you can't do it without noting the impact business failure had on it. At first, Milton had a front-row seat to his father Henry's endless entrepreneurial misfires (创业失败).

Henry Hershey's never paid off for himself, but it did for his son. In 1872 at age 14, Milton took a job in Pennsylvania. But shortly afterward, he moved from the ice cream section into the candy side of the business, and then became a candy maker.

In Philadelphia Milton started his first company, Spring Garden Confectionary Works. He came up with a soft, chewy caramel(焦糖) that proved to be a big hit. But Milton increasingly found it hard to deal with competition. In the year he turned 24, his company went belly-up (破产), and his businesses in Denver and New York all ended up in bankruptcy (破产). If failure is the best teacher, young Milton Hershey could argue that he had earned a doctorate (博士学位).

Some people in the same situation might have given up, changed their, or simply found a job working for somebody else. Not Milton Hershey. He was determined to be the success his father wasn't, and in the one business he loved more than any other. He went back to Lancaster and prepared to give it one more try by a new enterprise — the Lancaster Caramel Company. This time, Milton got it right. He became a respected businessman.

Though Milton bought the entire exhibit at the Columbian Exposition (哥伦比亚博览会) held in Chicago in 1893 that cocoa beans into candy bars and made his money, he decided that the future was in chocolate. The little town of Derry Church, where he opened his first chocolate factory in 1894, was and has been known as Hershey ever since.

Milton died at the age of 86, beloved by chocolate lovers around the world. He was to chocolate what Henry Ford was to automobiles and Steve Jobs was to computers. He revolutionized(彻底改变) a for the few into a treat for the masses.

Placebos(安慰剂) Prove Powerful

Many doctors know the story of "Mr. Wright". In 1957 he was diagnosed with cancer, and given only days to live. He had tumors (肿瘤) the size of oranges. He heard that scientists had discovered a new medication, Krebiozen, that was 1 against cancer, and he begged the doctor to give it to him. His physician, Dr. Phillip West, finally agreed. After Mr. Wright had been given an injection on a Friday afternoon, the 2 doctor found his patient out of his "death bed", joking with the nurses the following Monday. "The tumors", the doctor wrote later, had 3 like snow balls on a hot stove."

Two months later, Wright read medical reports that the medication was fake. His condition immediately got worse again. "Don't 4 what you read in papers," the doctor told Wright. Then he injected him with what he said was "a new super-refined double strength version of the drug. 5, there was no drug, just a mix of salt and water, but again it worked. Wright was the picture of health for another two months until he read an official report saying that Krebiozen was 6 . He died two days later.

This story has been 7 by doctors for a long time, dismissed(不予理会) as one of those strange tales that medicine cannot explain. The idea that a patient's 8 can make a fatal disease go away has been thought of as too strange. But now scientists are discovering that the placebo effect is more powerful than anyone had ever thought. They are also beginning to discover how such miraculous results are 9 .Through new techniques of brain imagery, it can be shown that a thought, a belief or a desire can cause chemical processes in the brain which can have powerful effects on the 10.Scientists are learning that some body reactions are not caused by information coming into the brain from the outside world, but by what the brain 11 to happen next.

Placebos are lies that 12," said Dr. Anne Harrington, a historian of science at Harvard University. "The word placebo is Latin for "I shall please" (or I shall make you happy) and it is typically a treatment that a doctor gives to 13 patients to please them, she said. "It looks like medication, but has no healing ingredients whatsoever." Nowadays, doctors have much more powerful medicines to fight disease. But these treatments have not diminished(减弱) the power of the placebo, quite the 14 . Maybe when scientists fully understand how placebos work, the powerful healing effects of the human 15 will be used more systematically!

One August afternoon, Richard Allen dropped off his last passenger, Mrs. Carey. Lifting two grocery bags, he followed her across the yard and stood on the step of her house. Glancing up, he saw a large wasp(黄蜂) nest under the roof. Allen had heard that wasps can become more likely to sting in summer. He mentioned this to Mrs. Carey, who had opened the door.

"Oh, they don't bother me," she said lightly. "I go in and out all the time."

Anxiously, Allen looked at the nest again—to see the wasps flying straight at him. "Hurry!" he shouted to Mrs.

Carey. "Get in!"

She stepped quickly inside. Allen ran for his mini-bus. Too late; they were upon him. Just as he jumped aboard, half a dozen red spots showed on his arm, and he felt more on his back and shoulders.

As he was driving down the road, Allen felt as if something was burning at the back of his neck, and the "fire" was spreading forward toward his face. And immediate anxiety took hold of him. Allen knew that stings could cause some persons to die. But he had been stung the previous summer and the after-effects soon passed. However, what he didn't know was that the first sting had turned his body into a time bomb waiting for the next to set off an explosion. Miles from the nearest medical assistance, Allen began to feel his tongue thick and heavy and his heartbeat louder. Most frightening, he felt his breathing more and more difficult. He reached for the radio mike(话筒), trying to call the mini-bus center, but his words were hardly understandable. Signals were also poor that far out. He knew a rescue team was on 24-hour duty at the Amherst Fire Department's north station. So his best chance was to make a run for it.

Rushing down the mountain, Allen tried not to panic, focusing his mind on each sharp turn. He was almost through the last of them when he felt sure he was going into shock(休克). Just then he reached for the radio mike again.

"Call fire station," he shouted, concentrating to form the words. "Emergency. Bee sting. Emergency. There in ten minutes."

"Five-ten," the center replied.

Hold on, Allen thought. Keep your eyes open. Breathe. Keep awake.

At last, he reached the station. Two firemen ran out. Allen felt their hands grasp him before he hit the ground. "You made it", he thought.

We went to the T. B. Blackstone Library, not far from Lake Michigan. You could easily miss the building if you didn't know what you were looking for. But once you were inside, you could never mistake it for anything else. We passed through two sets of heavy brass doors to the lobby(大堂) of the library. And if we turned right then, we could see an alcove(壁龛) with tables; this led, in turn, to a big reading room with a gigantic and ancient globe that sat in front of the largest windows. I liked to look at Africa, with the coded colors of the different countries like the Belgian Congo and Rhodesia, and try to remember which countries were fighting to be free just as we were struggling for civil rights. I had heard Daddy talking about the struggle, arguing with the television as someone discussed it on a news show.

One Saturday, as I wandered through the young adult section, I saw a title: Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott. I could tell from looking at the shelf that she'd written a lot of books, but I didn't know anything about her. I had learned from experience that titles weren't everything. A book that sounded great on the shelf could be dull once you got it home, and every bad book I brought home meant one less book to read until we went back in two weeks. So I sat in a chair near the shelves to skim the first paragraphs:

"Christmas won't be Christmas without any presents," grumbled Jo, lying on the rug. "It's so dreadful to be poor!" sighed Meg, looking down at her old dress.

"I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things, and other girls nothing at all," added little Amy, with an injured sniff.

"We've got Father and Mother and each other," said Beth contentedly from her corner.

It was a good thing I'd already decided on some other books to take home, because I didn't look through the rest of the section that day. I read and read and read Little Women until it was time to walk home, and, except for a few essential interruptions like sleeping and eating, I would not put it down until the end. Even the freedom to watch weekend television held no appeal for me in the wake of Alcott's story. It was about girls, for one thing, girls who could almost be like me, especially Jo. It seemed to me a shame that she wasn't Black; then our similarity would be complete. She loved to read, she loved to make up plays, she hated acting ladylike, and she had a dreadful temper. I had found a kindred(亲属关系) spirit.

Can I train myself to need less sleep?

As an experiment for his high-school science fair in 1964, a 17-year-old San Diego boy named Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours. That is 11 days. The project attracted the attention of the Stanford sleep researchers William Dement. Dement and other researchers took turns watching and assessing the young man's consciousness.

Nor did he seem to suffer any permanent setbacks. Dement said that on day 10, Gardner even beat him at pinball.

I asked David Dinges, the chief of the division of sleep at the University of Pennsylvania, how many people could do anything close to that without dying. He replied that "when animals are sleep- deprived(剥夺) constantly, they will suffer serious biological consequences. Death is one of those consequences".

That said, cases like Gardner's— of people who suffered great sleep deprivation without major setbacks--are well documented. Dinges said that "we probably do have people among us—and not necessarily 1%; there may be many more than that—who can actually tolerate sleep loss better than others." This proposition(主张) has been borne out in studies of participants in transoceanic sailing races, which did not afford them the luxury of long blocks of sleep.

The concept of sleeping in short bursts has spread since those races began, in the 1960s. Today, a small global community of people practices "polyphasic sleeping", based on the idea that by dividing your sleep into short bursts, you can get away with less of it.

And he notes that even for the 1% (or so) who can survive on less sleep and function well cognitively, we still don't know how the practice might be affecting metabolism(新陈代谢), mood, and many other factors. "You may be cheerful, but not cognitively fit. Or you may be cognitively fit, but hard to be around because you're pushy or hyperactive.