上海市宝山市行知中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月开学...

Nowadays, maybe museums are (visited) places in the world. Doubling as educational centers and conservation centers, museums play an important role in the protection of culture. these institutions' various size and specialty, the task of most museums is around the display and care of their collections. In order to figure out how this important cultural phenomenon came to be, it is important to understand its origins and trace how its role (evolve) over time.

The word, museum, is considered (originate) from "mouseion", the Greek term for "a holy place for the Muses". In classical Greek mythology, the nine Muses are the goddesses of the arts and sciences, making perfect protectors for these knowledge-based institutions.

Earliest museums were private collections and were only accessible to a narrow circle of people. Rare and curious natural objects and works of art were displayed in was called "wonder rooms" or "cabinets of curiosities".

The history of modern museums (date) back to the 17^th century. Early museums served as but a private collection room until an Englishman named Elias Ashmole had donated the contents of his wonder room to Oxford University. Believing that "the knowledge of Nature is very necessary to human life and health," many like-minded collectors across Europe shifted their focus from private used to public access in the late 17^th and 18^th centuries. During this time, world-class museums began to make their art collections accessible to the public.

Today, the importance of public institutions never be too stronger than ever before. In addition to taking care of collections and making them accessible to the public, many museums are using new technologies to improve their public programs, digitize their collections, and share their research. With these modern methods, museums are able to engage audiences in new ways and extend their tasks their walls.

Quinoa, of which both the seeds and leaves can be edible, is a crop native to the Andes Mountains. It took off in richer countries in the 1990s after NASA researchers recommended it as part of a potential space-colony diet. Over the past decade, quinoa, one of the leading crops that on Bolivia's high plains, 13,000 ft. above sea level, has become a premier product for foodies, health nuts and fair-trade enthusiasts. The gluten-free staple - in Bolivia it is produced solely by small-scale farmers and 90% is - often decorates plates from celebrity chefs like Giada De Laurentiis and Bobby Flay and has inspired entire cookbooks to Salads, soups and stuffing boasting its nutritional goodness. It's an unaccustomed role for such a humble crop, which poorer Bolivians often grew and ate instead of buying rice. "It was always comida para los indios (food for Indians)," says Benjamin Huarachi, a member of the board of Bolivia's largest quinoa growers' association, "Today it's food for the world's richest."

It also provides food for thought about the that arise when rich nations try to support farmers in the developing world. The colorful tall tufts（丛生植物）, which one of the healthiest foods on the planet, have become Huarachi's golden goose. As global food prices have risen, the price of quinoa has tripled in the past five years, to $1 per lb., a benefit to growers in the poorest region of South America's poorest country. "Now we've got tractors for our fields and parabolic antennas（抛物面天线）for our homes," he says.

And trouble with the neighbors. In an economy dependent on unsteady commodity , quinoa has made farmers richer, but it has also become an out-of-reach luxury for many Bolivians and violent conflict. In February hundreds of farmers clashed over prime quinoa-growing territory, and dozens were injured. The high price of quinoa has cut domestic consumption, sparking concerns about malnutrition, with many farmers scrambling to export all their quinoa, even supplementing their diets with foods like pasta.

The series of problems raises concerns about whether the satisfying act of buying fair trade—which aims to help small farmers gain to higher-end consumers abroad—can do more harm than good for the poor in developing countries. "When you transform a food into a commodity, there's breakdown in social relations and high environmental cost," says Tanya Kerssen, a food-policy analyst for the food and development institute Food First, based in Oakland, Calif.

Why College is Not Home

The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an1period of adolescence, during which many of today's students do not2adult responsibilities.

For previous generations, college was3break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, continued connections with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy, universities have4to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.

To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college need to be a time of5and experimentation. This process involves "trying on" new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually and personally.6we should provide "safe spaces" within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.7growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.

Learning to deal with the8world is equally important. Because a college community（群体）differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of9. If students rely on administrations to10their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity, within a larger and complex community.

11, the tendency for universities to monitor and12student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined（规定）, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize many actually be13. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so.

Our generation once joined hands and stood from at times of national emergence. What is lacking today is the14between desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their home to be replacement homes and not places to experience growth. But every college discussion about community values, social climates and behavior should include15of the development importance of students autonomy and self-regulation.

Some late Stone Age Europeans may have carried make-up inside miniature bottles worn around their necks or waists more than 6,000 yeas ago.

Researchers have found traces of ingredients known to be used in cosmetic formulations（配方）by later civilizations inside small bottles unearthed in Slovenia, dating to between 4350 and 4100 B. C., more than 2,000 years earlier than previously thought. In 2014, Bine Kramberger at the Institute for the PCHS found a miniature ceramic bottle at an ancient site once occupied by people of the Lasinja culture in around 4350 B. C.. More than 100 similar bottles have also been found.

Their purpose was unknown, but it is thought that some might have been children's toys. Curiously, most of them have holes in their tiny handles or edges that archaeologists think people threaded string through, enabling them to be worn around the neck or waist. But Kramberger's find was different because it contained a solid white substance. "It was clear that it had valuable information because in such old archaeological sites, we rarely find vessels that still retain remains of their former content," he says.

Long and thin stone tools were found near the bottle, which could have been used to extract（提炼）the substance within. Now, Kramberger and his colleagues have analysed the substance in the bottle and examined 13 others from the same period.

The mystery material contained a while lead mineral called cerussite, while different lead minerals were identified in two other bottles. The three lead-containing bottles also had contents coming from beeswax inside.

The bottles' contents could have been used for painting, says Kramberger. But he says it is more likely that they were cosmetics, because they contained common ingredients for such products known from later cultures. Cerussite powder was very popular among the ancient Greeks and Romans for skin whitening and remedies, despite its known toxicity（毒性）.

Gaydarska says the new study supports what archaeologists have long thought - "that the abilities and cultures of Neolithic people were far more sophisticated than they are often given credit for".

Life was easier when it wasn't so long: learn when you're young, work while you're able, then resign yourself to a slow period repose（休息）— and decline. But in the past century, scientific advancements have added decades to the average human life span, leaving a person's timeline with a long, often aimless tail.

Finding rewarding ways to fill these extra years - particularly in ways that emphasize social ties — is the best way to prolong them, research is finding. "The things that we understand now to be important for healthy longevity" — things like connecting with others, a positive outlook, making peace with getting older — "have been trivialized over the years by some scientists. We now know that shouldn't be the case," says Paul Irving, chairman of the Center for the Future of Aging at the Milken Institute, a think tank that studies older age. "One of the great opportunities we all have is to continue that search for meaning, that aspiration to do our most enjoyable and important work later in our lives."

Here are other strategies that may help you make the most of your extra years.

EMBRACE TECHNOLOGY

It's hard to beat face time, but Face Time (and the like) can also help older adults feel less alone, research shows. "I think a lot of work can be done to make the existing social networks more accommodating to older adults," Irving says.

WELCOME AGING

Your feelings about getting older might determine how well you age and even how well your brain holds up against Alzheimer's. A team of researchers at Yale University found that when people who thought negatively about aging were simply primed to view it in a better light, they said they felt more positively about aging and even showed improvements in physical strength.

SET GOALS, TAKE RISKS

Plenty of research links a sense of purpose to longevity. But how do people search for a purpose if they don't have one? Take an online course, volunteer, do anything new that challenges you. "The assumption that you should only do one thing in your life, to me, makes no sense," says Irving.

EXPECT THE BEST

People with a positive outlook recover better after having a heart attack than those who are more pessimistic, a recent study shows. That's partly because a hopeful attitude is linked to other healthy behaviors, like quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet. Optimism is also linked to fewer chronic illnesses, less depression and even a stronger immune response to bugs like the flu.

Insects are disappearing. The world has 25 per cent fewer terrestrial insects now than in 1990. This includes those we rely on to pollinate our crops and clean our rivers. If we don't solve this problem very soon, some species will disappear.

There are many causes for the insect decline, but insecticides（杀虫剂）are a major part of the problem. Those used today are longer lasting and up to 10,000 times more toxic than some that were banned in the 1970s. Adding to the problem is that these pesticides are now applied to crops prophylactically（预防地）and used whether pests are present or not.

Overall, the amount of pesticide applied to the land is decreasing, but this is a grossly misleading statistic. A recent paper found that, between 2005 and 2015, there was a 40 per cent reduction in the amount of pesticide applied to crops measured by weight. But because modern insecticides are so much more toxic, the global toxicity of treated land to pollinating insects has more than doubled in the same period.

Governments and regulating agencies are aware of the problem, and some parts of the world have moved to ban the use of certain insecticides outdoors in an attempt to help bees survive. But the pesticides used instead are just as toxic.

One often-touted approach is to use pesticide-free pest control methods. These varied techniques are gathered under the name of integrated pest management (IPM) and have been around for decades. They offer effective crop protection and include methods such as crop rotation and the use of natural predators. But their adoption has been incredibly slow, because spraying pesticides is viewed as an easier option. As a result, IPM methods are unfortunately seldom used today

Neither changing insecticides nor shifting to IPM is a quick fix. We argue instead that we need a subtle shift in focus, away from killing pests and towards protecting crops.

By using the minimal dose we need to protect crops, we could reduce the amount of insecticide to a fraction of what is used today. Farmers would benefit from these changes. They would spend less money on pesticides and improve crop production by keeping health pollinator insects about. Reducing insecticide doses won't solve the insect decline problem but it is a move that could win us time to make food production more sustainable and reconcile（使和谐）farmlands and the natural ecosystems we crucially depend on. And that will allow insects to recover.

It's Never Too Late to Pursue a Dream

Six weeks before his 97^th birthday, Giuseppe Paterno fulfilled the dream of a lifetime: He got a university degree. "Don't get lost because you find obstacles — because there will always be obstacles," Mr. Patero told reporters after he graduated with honors last week from the University of Palermo, where he received a degree in history and philosophy. "You have to be strong."

It is partly because of his age. But he has also drawn attention because his life story speaks of commitment, a theme that has resonated（引起共鸣）as millions of schoolchildren in Italy and elsewhere face extraordinary uncertainty amid the coronavirus pandemic

Born in Palenmo in 1923, the first of seven children in a 'very poor family', It was only after he retired, in the mid-1980s, that he returned to his books.

" You can remain young — if not in age at least in spirit — if you cultivate interests," said Rossella Cancila, his thesis adviser and a professor of history at the University of Palermo.

Italy's university system is based on a three-year degree, followed by a two-year master's course.

He isn't so sure. "I have to confess that in this moment, I don't know whether I would cope with it with the same spirit," he said, noting that all the attention had been a bit tiring. Still, Mr. Paterno said, he would probably enroll anyway. "I want to keep my option open."

The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator."

In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthy. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.

The invention of the fridge contributes comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried technique already existed — natural cooling, drying smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling ...

What refrigeration did promote was marketing — marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.

Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house — while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.

The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you will get rid of that terrible hum.

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