18.
(2024九上·郑州开学考)
阅读下列材料:某校“数学社团”活动中,数学研究小组发现常用的分解因式的方法有提取公因式法、公式法,但还有很多的多项式只用上述方法无法分解.对于形如
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
的二次三项式,可以直接用完全平方公式把它分解成
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
的形式.但对于二次三项式
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E5%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
就不能直接用完全平方公式分解了,对此,我们可以添上一项4,使它与
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
构成一个完全平方式,然后再减去4,这样整个多项式的值不变,即
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E5%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E5%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E5%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
. 像这样把一个二次三项式变成含有完全平方式的方法,叫做配方法.
同样地,把一个多项式局部分解因式可以解决代数式值的最小(或最大)问题.
例如:![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
![](//math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%88%B4%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E1%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%E2%89%A5%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E0%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
. 则这个代数式.
的最小值是2,这时相应的x的值是
.
请用配方法解答下列问题: